This study was performed to investigate the electrochemical oxidation of a solution containing methylene blue dye by using a tin oxide (SnO2) electrode. The effect of several operating factors such as electrolyte types, current density, initial dye concentration, and pH were investigated by following the discoloration and COD removal. The results show that the maximum color was removed by using chloride supporting electrolyte (i. e. KCl and NaCl) indicating that the indirect oxidation was promoted by the strong oxidant species (i. e. Cl2 and ClO– ) generated at the anode surface. The best experimental conditions were attained for i = 60mA/cm2, 1% KCl and pH = 3, in which 100% of color was removed after 30 minutes and the COD removal reached 80. 9% after 120 min. These results reveal that the anodic oxidation technique using SnO2 electrode could be used to remove the methylene blue dye from textile wastewater.

In the present study, Ti/SnO2-Sb/NSGCN-PbO2 electrode was fabricated by electrodeposition technique. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled to an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), linear scanning voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronopotentiometry (CP) and chronoamperometry (CA) analyzes were used to examine the surface morphology, the elemental composition analysis and electrochemical properties of the electrode. The findings showed that the Ti/SnO2-Sb/NSGCN-PbO2 electrode has a finer particles, a more compact and uniform structure, a higher potential for oxygen evolution, a smaller charge transfer resistance, a good current density and a more desirable electrode stability. In this study, the Ti/SnO2-Sb/NSGCN-PbO2 electrode performance in ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal was investigated. Electrochemical removal of CIP was done via anodic oxidation method by using generate hydroxyl radical (OH֯) on the anode surface. The removal efficiency of ciprofloxacin in 240 minutes at pH=6.8 and ambient temperature was 44.3%.Furthermore the amount of energy consumed was 0.368 kWh m-3. According to the obtained results Ti/SnO2-Sb/NSGCN-PbO2 anode performs better than Ti/SnO2-Sb/PbO2, Ti/PbO2 and Ti/SnO2-Sb in removing Ciprofloxacin and energy consumption.

Herein, SnO2-NiO nanocomposite was prepared via a hydrothermal method and characterized by various techniques consisting X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The FESEM image showed particles with the size at about 20–130 nm in diameters. The electrochemical oxidation of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) at a carbon paste electrode modified with SnO2-NiO nanocomposite and an ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6)) (SnO2-NiO/IL/CPE) was evaluated in phosphate buffer (PB) pH 8, by using cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The SnO2-NiO/IL/CPE indicated a good electrocatalytic behavior towards to oxidation of hydrochlorothiazide. The anodic peak currents were increased with the HCTZ concentration and indicated two linear dynamic range from 0.01 to 0.1 µM and 0.1 to 100 µM and a detection limit of 0.002 µM (S/N = 5) under the optimized conditions. The introduced electrochemical sensor was utilized for the determination of HCTZ in the pharmaceutical formulations and biological sample.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have received a lot of attention nowadays. One of the most essential components of DSSC is the counter electrode, which is usually made of platinum. Since platinum is an expensive material, we suggest using the SnSe electrode. By selenizing a layer of coated tin on glass thru sputtering, we obtained SnSe and used this layer as the counter electrode in a DSSC. We also used tin oxide as photoanode in the structure of the solar cell. By changing the selenization temperature, we improved the charge transport and electrocatalytic properties of the layer and optimized the solar cell performance. We also investigated the morphological properties of the layers with FESEM images. We used CV and EIS analyzes to test the electrocatalytic and charge transport properties. Also, the current-voltage curve of the fabricated cells reveals that the cell, which is made of the synthesized layer at 450 °C with an efficiency of 4.9%, gives us the best performance.

Benserazide (BZ), a dopadecarboxylase inhibitor, is the most widely prescribed drug in treatment of Parkinson’ s disease. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a sensitive and selective BZ sensor. We used tin oxide nanocomposite (Cu@SnS/SnO2) for developing a new electrochemical sensor for determination of BZ in human urine and pharmaceutical tablets. Morphology of the synthesized Cu@SnS/SnO2 was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The modified electrode was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and voltammetric techniques. The sensitivity and limit of detection of RGO/Cu@SnS/SnO2 electrode for BZ are 0. 275 μ Aμ M− 1 in the range of 1-100 μ M and 0. 58 μ M. Moreover, the proposed electrode shows good selectivity, reproducibility and stability. The applicability of the modified electrode was demonstrated by determination of BZ in human urine and pharmaceutical formulation.

In this work, degradation of C. I. Reactive Orange 7 dye in aqueous solutions was investigated. The electrolysis process optimized based on titanium electrode coated with SnO2 nanoparticles (nano-SnO2/Ti) as anode using response surface methodology. The nano– SnO2/Ti electrode was prepared using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The initial pH, current density, reaction time and electrolyte concentration were selected as independent variables in central composite design while color removal efficiency was considered as the response function. Based on analysis of variance (ANOVA), the coefficient of determination value (R2=0. 987) was high showing that the experimental values fitted well with the predicted values. In optimum conditions, maximum color removal efficiency (90. 1%) was obtained after 25 minute; and the total organic carbon (TOC) was reduced to 32. 2% after 60 minute. J. Color Sci. Tech. 13(2019), 241-252© . Institute for Color Science and Technology.

Esterification reactions of some polyols and diols were investigated in the presence of SnO2 and nano-SnO2 and the results were compared with the catalyst-free conditions. High conversions were obtained for most of the reactions in the presence of SnO2 and nano-SnO2 which shows the high catalytic activity of SnO2 and nano-SnO2 for the esterification reaction. Low cost of the catalysts compared to alkyl tins, high safety compared to protic acids such as sulfuric acid and high chemical and thermal stability of the catalysts make the reactions interesting for the large-scale production of various polyol esters. Due to the important role of the polyol esters in various industries especially in the lubricant industry, the introduced approach can be interesting.